chattr commands in Linux with examples

Flags and Attributes

When a file containing ‘ u‘ attribute is deleted, its information' s are saved, which let the user to ask for its deletion.
A file containing the ‘ j‘ attribute is set, where all of its datas are updated to the ext3 journal.
When a file is changed with ‘ S‘ attribute set, updated modifications take place synchronously on the disk.

Operators

Addition of attributes on files from deletion

Using ‘ ls -l‘ command, verify whether the existing files have any attributes set.

[root@linuxhelp1 test]# ls -l
total 0
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Jun 10 14:30 folder
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jun 10 14:31 secure.conf

Utilize the " + " sign for setting up an attribute, and " &ndash " sign along with the chattr command.

For preventing anyone from deleting a file, set immutable bit with +i flags on the files.

[root@linuxhelp1 test]# chattr +i folder/
[root@linuxhelp1 test]# chattr +i secure.conf

The superuser only can have the authority to set the immutable bit +i.

Using the command ‘ lsattr‘ verify the attribute.

[root@linuxhelp1 test]# lsattr 
----i----------- ./folder
----i----------- ./secure.conf
[root@linuxhelp1 test]# rm -rf folder/
rm: cannot remove ‘ folder/’ : Operation not permitted
[root@linuxhelp1 test]# mv folder/ folder1
mv: cannot move ‘ folder/’  to ‘ folder1’ : Operation not permitted
[root@linuxhelp1 test]# chmod 755 secure.conf 
chmod: changing permissions of ‘ secure.conf’ : Operation not permitted

Unsetting attribute on Files

The following is an example to unset attribute or reset permissions

[root@linuxhelp1 test]# chattr -i folder/ secure.conf

Using ‘ lsattr‘ command, verify the immutable file status.

[root@linuxhelp1 test]# lsattr 
---------------- ./folder
---------------- ./secure.conf
[root@linuxhelp1 test]# rm -rf *
[root@linuxhelp1 test]# ls -l
total 0

How to /etc/shadow files and Secure /etc/passwd

Set immutable attribute on /etc/shadow, or files /etc/passwd.

[root@linuxhelp1 test]# chattr +i /etc/passwd
[root@linuxhelp1 test]# chattr +i /etc/shadow

You will receive an error message that ‘ cannot open /etc/passwd‘ , while creating a new system user.

[root@linuxhelp1 test]# useradd user2
useradd: cannot open /etc/passwd

Append data without changing existing File data

Utilize the ‘ a‘ attribute.

[root@linuxhelp1 test]# chattr +a sample.txt 
[root@linuxhelp1 test]# lsattr sample.txt 
-----a---------- sample.txt
you will receive an error that ‘ Operation not permitted‘ , while replacing already existing content on a file example.txt.

[root@linuxhelp1 test]# echo " this is a sample file"  >  sample.txt 
bash: sample.txt: Operation not permitted

Setting up the append attribute

[root@linuxhelp1 test]# chattr -a sample.txt
[root@linuxhelp1 test]# echo " this is a sample file"  > >  sample.txt 
[root@linuxhelp1 test]# cat sample.txt 
this is a sample file
Here is the example to test ' a'  attribute mean append only.
replace contain on file.

Securing the Directories

Utilize ‘ -R‘ switch,‘ +i‘ flag and complete path of the folder, to secure the whole directory and its files.

[root@linuxhelp1 test]# chattr -R +i folder/

Now Remove/delete the folder and its files.

[root@linuxhelp1 test]# rm -rf folder/
rm: cannot remove ‘ folder/’ : Operation not permitted

Once again Utilize ‘ -R’ switch, ‘ -i’ flag and the complete path of the folder for unsetting permission.

[root@linuxhelp1 test]# chattr -R -i folder/
[root@linuxhelp1 test]# rm -rf folder/